Definition Of Disability And The Society s Definition On...

In this essay, I will discuss the significance of Sara Cantor’s definition of social disability in her article â€Å"Adventure in Disability† versus the society’s definition on disability. I will analyze her definition of disability as she applies her condition to other people in the society whom have disability problems just like her, while analyzing how our society view people who have disabilities. First, in the article, Sarah talked about â€Å"There are two academic models of disability: the medical model, and the social model.† (Cantor) Later, she mentioned that the â€Å"The social model thinks that disability is rooted in society and its inability to accommodate certain bodies.† (Cantor) I would agree with her on this because in our society, there are people who have disabilities from birth, they usually will be discriminated by the society as someone whom cannot conduct regular activities individually, and they usually rely on others to hel p them. In most common cases I have seen, those who have disabilities usually are taken care by a caretaker and they cannot conduct their daily activities on their own. This usually leads to discrimination because the society will view these individuals as a burden for the society, which the government needs to spend extra money to hire caretakers to take care these individuals. In addition, Sarah talked about â€Å"The only distinction between disabled and non-disabled is how prepared we are to handle a difference.† (Cantor) Moreover, anotherShow MoreRelatedModels of Disability941 Words   |  4 PagesModels of Disability Disability is a human reality that has been perceived differently by diverse cultures and historical periods.   For most of the 20th century, disability was defined according to a medical model. In the medical model, disability is assumed to be a way to characterize a particular set of largely static, functional limitations. This led to stereotyping and defining people by condition or limitations.   World Health Organization (WHO) – New definition of Disability In 2001, theRead MoreThe Ideology Behind The Ada Is Inclusion1257 Words   |  6 Pagespreamble, individuals with disabilities are equal to every other human being, in regard to laws and civil rights. They should be allowed the same opportunities as the rest of the population to participate in all aspects of life (Introduction to ADA, 2014). Dana Lee Baker stated in her book on neurodiversity and public policy that terming a difference or an impairment as a disability is subjective and based on cultural views of how it relates to an individual’s function in society. For instance, beingRead MoreFeminism And Cyberfeminism1712 Words   |  7 Pagesthis definition addresses some of the most basic ideas associated with Cyberfeminism, it is not actually a theory with a universally accepted definition, but rather centers on a number of central ideas and practices. However, it is generally accepted that the preliminary concepts of cyberfeminism, namely the idea of a â€Å"cyborg ,† were presented by Donna Haraway in her 1984 piece â€Å"A Cyborg Manifesto.† While her article was written in the mid 80’s, Cyberfeminism achieved popularity in the late 80’s andRead MoreDefinition Of Disability, Perception, Service, Delivery, And Services Delivery And Purpose Of Service Delivery1435 Words   |  6 Pagesparticular philosophy in relation to the following definition of disability, perception of disability, terminology, service delivery and purpose of service delivery. It will also discuss Social Minority Model. What exactly is Social Minority Model? It can be described as the social model of disability optically discerns the issue of disability as a convivially engendered quandary and a matter of the full integration of individuals into society. In this model, incapacitation is not an attributeRead MoreAmericans With Disability Act Essay1180 Words   |  5 Pageswith Disabilities Act began long before it was originally introduced to Co ngress in 1988. (Mayerson, 1992). There isn’t one person responsible for the ADA but rather thousands of Americans who have fought for the rights of people with disabilities and constantly worked to make their lives easier. People with disabilities for a long time were thought of as outsiders in society and were shunned by the majority. It wasn’t until the 1900’s when organizations by and for people with disabilities explodedRead MoreSocial Construction And Disability Models1579 Words   |  7 Pages Social Construction and Disability Models Social construction is a meaning created by the things that are around us. The idea of social construction is based on the fact that disability is constructed by localized social expectations. At one point in time, disability was seen as a punishment or moral failing until an enlightenment occurred and society changed its definition of disability. The construction of disability is linked to how time progresses. For example, if a time is set, you do not haveRead MoreDisability in Modern British Society1600 Words   |  7 Pagesby disability in modern British Society. Approximately 8.5 million people in the United Kingdom are registered disabled (Office of National Statistics 2002 cited in Giddens 2006:287). Definitions of disability is important to the way in which its nature is investigated and also to its extent in society. This essay will illustrate the broad definitions of disability and the dissimilarity between disability and impairment. It will also discuss how in modern British Society inequalityRead MoreEssay about Genetic Testing and Reproductive Freedom977 Words   |  4 Pagesaccepted definition for disability. Not even a single model found in the disability paradigm has clearly defined disability. One definition has always been countered and over-ruled by another. However, there are some commonly used definitions describing disability. Some have described disability as the lack of an ability to carry out a normal function such as the activities of daily living. Others term disability as unusual physical appearance and unusual behaviour. All these definitions can howeverRead MoreLanguage Shapes Our Society s Communication And Thoughts932 Words   |  4 Pagessomeone else. Many of the people that are most forgotten about are those with disabilities, minor or severe. Since person first language has been defined, it has given a voice and boosted the self-esteem to many of those that society often forgets. Through time we have come to understand that â₠¬Å"Person-First Language† is important for the equality and acceptance of people with disabilities. Throughout history, people with disabilities have always been victimized. The bible tells many tales of people who wereRead More Learning Disabilities: ADHD Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesLearning Disabilities: ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is a condition that can affect any person’s behavior and way of life. In their book, Special Education, J.Ysseldyke and B. Algozzine state that no area has experienced as much growth as learning disabilities. It is by far the largest of all special education categories. Enormous changes in the last century have changed the way society treats children with disabilities. Psychologist William Lee Heward affirms that in the

Reflective Portfolio Of Business And Management - 2595 Words

Assessment 2 Reflective Portfolio Subject: -strategic management B.A. in Business and Management University of Northampton, United Kingdom Tutor: Miriam Seifert By: Heelly Vaghasiya (UON I/D: 14439316) Acknowledgement I am very pleasure to have this chance to say thank you to everybody who emphasized me all throughout my study period. I am very appreciative for their help, direction, significantly positive feedback and neighborly counsel amid my assignment. I am genuinely appreciative to them for imparting their genuine and uncovering thoughts on few issues amid my work. I am warmly thanking to Ms. Miriam for her provision and supervision. Thank you Table of content 1) Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 4 2) Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Page 5 3) Background of industries †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 5 4) PESTEL Analyse†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Page 6 5) CAGE Model†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... Page 7 6) YIP’s model†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 9 7) Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 11 8) References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 12 Executive Summary In this portfolio I have broke down and clarified about global retail business and Civil Aero-engineering. In this task I have expounded on this commercial enterprises and what elements influences this organizations to create and grow up. Indeed globalization is additionally real indicate examine in this report on the grounds that for making an organizationShow MoreRelatedReflection on How to Make the Most of Working in Collaboration with Others972 Words   |  4 PagesIn Lawrence’ (2013, p.195) point of view: â€Å"In the management classroom, theories on reflection and experiential learning clearly influence the use of personal, reflective writing exercises. They are used to illustrate course concepts and help students take charge of their own educational experience (and, therefore, practice making meaning for them).† Therefore, through reflection, we can make connections and examine our learning processes. When I started to learn this module, I found it includesRead MoreManaging, Leading And Stewardship Essay2222 Words   |  9 Pages Self-Reflective Essay: Managing, Leading and Stewardship Introduction The self-reflective portfolio is aimed at enhancing the quality and efficiency of the process of learning by minimising the knowledge gap with the practical implementation of knowledge and efficient management of time in the field of management. The primary objective of this self-reflective portfolio is to obtain useful information related to the management, leadership and stewardship and their required componentsRead MoreStrategic Planning for Competitive Advantage14834 Words   |  60 Pagesstrategic plan. PTS: 1 OBJ: 02-1 TOP: AACSB Reflective Thinking KEY: CBE Model Strategy MSC: BLOOMS Level III Application 2. Berkshire Hathaway Inc., a large property insurance company, owns a large chain of jewelry stores and has recently purchased Russell Corporation, a manufacturer of sporting goods. Berkshire Hathaway uses a market penetration strategy. ANS: F Berkshire Hathaway uses a diversification strategy. PTS: 1 OBJ: 02-3 TOP: AACSB Reflective Thinking KEY: CBE Model Strategy MSC: BLOOMSRead Moreintrapersonal effectiveness1384 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Portfolio Part 1 Table of Contents 1. Introduction......................................................................................................3 2. Intrapersonal Effectiveness..............................................................................3 2.1. The Big Five Dimensions of Personality......................................................3 2.2. Analysis and Reflection of ResultsRead MoreMy Dream Job Of Being A Ceo Of Video Gaming Firm815 Words   |  4 Pages Assessment Item 3 Portfolio Part 1 4/13/2016 Joseph Marsters â€Æ' Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Intrapersonal effectiveness 1 2.1 Emotional intelligence 1 2.2 Analysis and results 1 2.3 SMART Goal setting 1 3. Conclusion 1 4. Reference list 1 1. Introduction The purpose of this portfolio is to enhance knowledge regarding the primary concepts of emotional intelligence and to coherently demonstrate reflective practice, intercultural sensitivity and social awareness. Furthermore, I will reflectRead MoreMarketing Strategies of Asahi and Saint Gobain2263 Words   |  10 Pages1. Introduction Marketing plays a very important role in the contemporary business arena. The marketing strategies of two companies in the glass industry in India are analysed on parameters such as product portfolio, pricing, positioning, advertising, distribution, etc. 2. Company Background and Profile In order to understand the marketing strategies of the two companies a brief of the companies profile and background is essential. 2.1 Asahi India Safety Glass Ltd. (AIS) Asahi Glass CompanyRead MoreExecutive Director Of Marketing Corporate Communications Essay791 Words   |  4 Pagesintroduction of new products across all brands and including contract sales. Provides insight and input to the Contract Sales Execution team. Additional partnership with the Human Resources and Administrative teams to lead communication activities reflective of our organizational brand. Supports the production of safe, high quality products, and team member safety. WORKING CONDITIONS 1) Office environment with minimal presence on the manufacturing floor, frozen distribution warehouse, and customerRead MoreThe Allowance For Loan Losses1649 Words   |  7 PagesAllowance for Loan Losses The Allowance for Loan Losses (ALL) represents an estimate of losses that have been incurred on loans in the portfolio that are considered to be â€Å"impaired† as of the balance sheet date, based in part of review of individual loans and in party on high-level analytics of groups of loans sharing common risk characteristics (â€Å"0081_REP_Sacher_interior.indd-243_Sacher_Loan_Losses.pdf,† n.d.). This report will cover the accounting standards of the ALL, the common errors thatRead MoreDunkin Donuts : A New Position1261 Words   |  6 PagesAs a new District Manager of Dunkin’ Donuts, a strategic plan will need to be developed based on the company’s foundation. Before planning can begin, an evaluation to the organization function should be considered. Therefore, I will acquire a portfolio of the company with SWOT. SWOT displays an analysis and diagnosis of Dunkin Donuts strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats. Furthermore, economic, social, and public trends are important due to their influence. This paper draws a pictureRead MoreWhy I Want Pursue A Career For Public Relations1684 Words   |  7 Pagescommunications career is quickly coming to a close. One item I’ve been gaining interest is how small companies and larger corporations use social media to promote their image. My knowledge about interpersonal communications and my past work ex perience in management alongside my interest in social media have prepared me for a career in public relations. Every company needs someone to help promote and sell their image, the job market for public relations specialist is diverse and can lead to greater job opportunities

Caste Social and Gender Hierarchies Free Essays

The fundamental issues of caste not only affect the privileged and the working peoples, ethnic and racial minorities, and religious piety, but also the roles of men and women within the framework of gender relations. Through male domination of the public sphere, specific female roles were constructed. The primary concept of caste supported depictions of oppressed and subordinate women, which can be examined through the early literature of India. We will write a custom essay sample on Caste: Social and Gender Hierarchies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Women were no longer independent and free; they became a male commodity necessary for perpetuating hereditary elitism.In the early centuries of ancient India, women were powerful beings, credited with bringing down entire kingdoms and fierce rulers. However, the desire for privilege and status created a shift in the social dynamics of the nation. The concept of equality dissolved and patriarchal political laws emerged in its place. Romila Thapar suggests, â€Å"the possible genesis [for this social shift] was said to be from regulation of kinship and marriage, or occupation, religious functions or political hierarchies† (8).Caste created a political system where power and wealth were unequally distributed and social inequalities appeared through publically sanctioned discrimination against those deemed lower in structural hierarchy; this divide promoted by hereditary and authoritarianism implied there was a social contract between privileges and social obligations. Centuries before the development of the hierarchical caste system, India’s social structures were less rigidly defined. Men and women obtained equality in their social status’ and respect.While men were given broad opportunities in occupations and employment, women were provided with the freedoms of political, religious and public involvement. However, as times changed and new social structures developed, India experienced a shift away from equality towards a system that was fundamentally based upon patriarchy, privilege, and duty. This transition from parity solidified the changing roles of women within India’s caste system. Women’s waning symbol of power and equality was replaced by the caste system, which supported a restrictively male dominated approach to life.The respectable images of women deteriorated over time as they began to be represented in subordinate roles, which were conditions of Indian social and political environments. For women, respect was now attainable through virtuous and submissive behavior; marriage and domestic life, as well as unwavering devotion to their husbands, became their compulsory duties. The perceptions that surrounded women perpetuated the idea that women were no better than property, a possession of their husband or father to be traded and treated like slaves.The idea that gendered hierarchy is intertwined in the constructs of caste hierarchy can be examined in the compilation of short stories, Tales of Ancient India, by J. A. B. Van Buitenen. Many of the stories illustrate the roles of women and how they fit into the framework of caste. With the deterioration of independence, women’s roles became based primarily on their duty to their husbands. The short story The Transposed Heads illustrates how women are depicted as worthless and lost without a man. In the story a young woman, Madanasundari, experiences the loss of both her husband and her brother.Responding to her grief she says, â€Å"What use is it now if I live? † (18). Because the young woman has lost her sense of identity and purpose in life she believes that there is the only option she has is to take her own life. When her father hears of this he says to her, â€Å"Do no violence to yourself, my daughter, for I am pleased to find such great virtue in one so young as you† (19). The response of the father illustrates the ideals of respectability and integrity of Madanasundari’s actions; even though she has lost her purpose for living, she is righteous in her devotion to her husband and brother, which fulfills her dutiful roles as a woman.Again women as seen as mindless and obedient. Their primary purpose in life is to serve and honor the men in their families. Women are expected to follow a certain path in life, one that is usually set before them by their father. This journey includes marriages and honoring a man. Many marriages are arranged, giving limited power to a young woman. Before the inequalities supported by caste, women were given the freedom to marry when they wanted and whom they loved. However, under the rigid social structures women no longer were allowed impute and their marriages became more like a business transaction than a celebration of love and life.Women were often forced to marry at young ages to men they didn’t know or didn’t love; often they were used as tools of bargaining or trade. The City of Gold illustrates the idea that a women’s role is to be married and to serve her husband. When the daughter of a king does not wish to me married he discussed the consequences of being a virgin too long, and repercussions of being an unmarried woman. He says to her, A daughter is in effect born for a husband, and her parents safeguard her only for a time. Except in her childhood, how can her father’s house ever be a home to a woman without a husband?If a daughter remains a virgin when she is able to bear children, her kinsmen are ruined. The girl loses caste, and the man who marries her in the end is the husband of an outcaste. (80) The response of the king reinforces that the primary purpose in a women’s role is to become a wife and bear children. If this does not happen, there must be something wrong with the woman because no woman would willingly chose a life other than that of duty and devotion. A women’s role was to be a wife to a man. This can be seen in The Insoluble Riddle. A father and son follow the path of a Queen and her daughter who were escaping from robbers. The young man, Simhaparakrama, suggested to his father, â€Å"A house where no pretty woman (with firm breasts and buttocks) stands waiting and looking down the road is a jail without chains, only fools will enter† (59). Here, the young man is suggesting that the acquisition of an attractive woman as a wife completes his home and needs. Women provide simply as a physical being, lacking completely intellectual or emotional purpose. The role of women often included perpetuating the continuance of male heretical social status by having children, particularly sons.Women’s bodies were often seen as an instrument for reproductive and domestic purposes. Their purpose was not intellectual companionship or public involvement; instead the role of a woman is to flawlessly perform the simple tasks of homemaking and childrearing. While women were expected to maintain some level of physical attractiveness and domestic abilities, this did not always mean that she would receive love or respect. The Perfect Bride personifies how a woman can have every desirable quality but still not be acknowledged for her contributions.In this story, a wealthy merchant prince seeks a wife by asking women to prepare a full meal using only two pounds of rice. When many of the young women are unable to succeed, one young woman is. She is described in the story not for her piety, morals and values, but for her physical attributes. The merchant prince describes her as follows: Here is a girl with a perfectly proportioned figure- not too heavy, not too thin, neither too short, nor too tall- with regular features and a fair complexion†¦ The loin dimples are precisely parallel and square and shed luster upon buttocks round as chariot wheels.Her abdomen is adorned by three folds and is slender around the deep navel, even a little carved. The broad-based breasts with proud nipples fill the full region of her chest†¦ However, I shall not marry her before I have tried her. (158) In the end, the young woman is able to cook a full meal with the two pounds of rice and the merchant prince takes her to be his wife. However, the prince finds comfort in another woman and uses his new wife essentially as a servant. Gender roles shifted with the development of caste and social hierarchy. Women became subordinate and oppressed while men became privileged and dominant.The roles of women shifted to focus primarily on the man and husband, working to be a good domestic housekeeper and mother. Devotion, virtue and permissiveness became the admirable qualities and intellect and involvement became unappealing qualities. Men controlled the social system by making female sexuality a subject of social concern. Gender became a leverage tool of oppression, comparable to that of wealth and economic status. The privileged men dictated the roles of society that continued long after, working to keep women under their right grip of power. How to cite Caste: Social and Gender Hierarchies, Papers

CSR Strengthens Corporate Reputation- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCSR Strengthens Corporate Reputation and Performance. Answer: Corporate Social Responsibility makes corporate reputation stronger and helps companies to cater to more customers earning higher revenue. It refers to the responsibility of the corporate sector to act in compliance with law, ethics and sustainability. Salib et al., (2015) describes CSR as when the profit earning organisations transcend their profit making motives and act in ways to benefit the wellbeing of the entire society. The concept was conceived in the United States of America when the American companies adopted CSR on their own to acquire a positive social image and customer loyalty. Today CSR is no longer limited to the voluntary choice of the management and has grown in status. CSR is the outcome of the deterministic external business environment with the agency theory based strategies of the managements of the companies. For example, the Companies Act in India makes CSR mandatory for at least the PSUs and seeks to extend it to the private sector as well (Dhingra, Sarin Gi ll, 2015). The companies today view CSR as means to attract customer loyalty and retention and have made it an indispensible part of the business strategies. Their commitments to act towards the betterment of the society constitute the very missions and vision. CSR is a rich body of knowledge having contribution of several theories and literary sources. Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR is a rich area of knowledge with enriched by several management theories. The richness CSR lies in the fact it embraces the entire society including the companies, stakeholders and management. Thus, CSR theories draw their strengths from stakeholder theory, organisation theory and management theories. There are two primary stages of CSR which have their own sets of theories. Traditional CSR theorists viewed it as a method of give back to the stakeholders. The brand image and public perception formed drivers of the organisational CSR which was merely donated to charities as token of social belongingness. The organisations merely distributed value and did not take any proactive role in social development on their own. The contemporary CSR has gone steps ahead where corporate are profit generating and distribution centres for the whole society. They proactively take part in charities and collaborate with organisations like the United Nations in the ir social development initiatives. Today, they actively take part in social development, water conservation and other environment development activities and are no longer mere donors. Contemporary CSR is very much a strategic business planning area which enjoys attention from the apex managers and incorporate components of external environment like law and consumer benefit. The CSR of the multinational companies appear on the official websites and even on the product packages. This help these companies to create higher image in the consumers minds which goes a long way in ensuring high revenue and performance of the companies(Ali, Frynas Mahmood, 2017). The organisations have recognised that they should work towards betterment of the groups who provide them with resources and impact their operation. These groups in a way known as stakeholders and their importance to the companies form the next CSR theory called the stakeholder theory. The stakeholders can be of various types depending on their functions and all of them play important role in ensuring high performances of the companies. The consumers who directly consume the products are the primary stakeholder whereas the government and the legal machinery are the key stakeholders. The management, shareholders and the employees are the internal stakeholders while the others are external stakeholders. Irrespective of their category all the stakeholders are parts of the society and the companies should act towards their benefit. Thus, stakeholders form parts of CSR and lack of benefit for one can attract action from the other affecting the companies. Researchers try to find how compan ies create value for the stakeholders (Bridoux Stoelhorst, 2014). The companies produce high quality goods and services to the customers at affordable prices which benefits them. The companies like Unilever manufacture high quality consumer goods which satisfies the need of the consumers. The company serves a global consumer base which generates huge revenue which leads to capital maximisation for the shareholders. The high market position of Unilever and the products with high brand value acts as securities for the investors which generates huge investment. Thus benefitting consumers attracts high revenue and market position. This in turn attracts investments and earns the company an enviable position in the stock market. Hence, following CSR and stakeholders theory helps a company perform both in the product market and stock market. A very important theory that is closely linked with CSR and corporate performance is sustainability theory. The companies use resources like financial and human resources from the society. They sell their products to the consumers who are parts of the society and earn revenue. Their operations like production processes in factories use non renewable fuel like coal which causes pollution and harms the health of the people. This requires the companies to operate in sustainable ways to reduce pollution owing their operations and contribute towards social wellbeing. The sustainability theory as a part of the CSR has two broad divisions, the strong sustainability model and the weak sustainability model. The strong sustainability model lays more importance to ecological goods like preservation of species to ensure sustenance of ecosystems. The weak approach has a more general approach like it may measure the value of the forests against the value of developments activities in future. The s tronger approach would have more specifically stressed on conservation of the forests (Jenkins, 2017). The researches on corporate social responsibility and relevant concepts like stakeholders show that they play significant role in ensuring high corporate performances. The companies today consider themselves to be members of the society and take their social impact very seriously. They source their raw materials and machines from sustainable sources to ensure that their products are also more environment friendly. The multinational companies like Nestle aim towards increasing their sales of organic products (nestleusa.com, 2017). Organic products cause less pollution and it finds ready acceptance in the market. In fact, the consumers agree buying organic products in spite of their higher prices compared to their inorganic counterparts. These organic products reward the farmers and cultivators with more revenue from sale. The farmers can practice more sustainable methods of farming like soil conservation and cleaner water harvest. The suppliers as a result are able to provide the comp anies with superior organic products. The customers prefer organic products because they contribute towards social betterment. This helps the companies to earn more revenue and perform better. Thus, corporate social responsibility and sustainable operations promotes high competitive advantages of the companies. They also contribute towards healthier relationship between the companies and their customers (Govindan et al., 2016). CSR is so crucial to the performance and reputation of companies that they form special committees dedicated to the area. The companies as a part of their CSR promotes social wellbeing which allows them to explore their innovative powers. Samsung, the Korean conglomerate is a global company present in diverse sectors like telecommunication and civil engineering. The company has set up Samsung Technical Program which provides vocational training courses for the youth (samsung.com, 2017). Such vocational training courses are innovative ways to provide education followed by employment. The multinational companies through their CSR encourage entrepreneurial ventures and generate employment opportunities. Research shows that entrepreneurship is integral to economic development and comnatting unemployment. Thus, the companies through their CSR encourage development of emerging markets by contributing towards entrepreneurial growth. This earns them high market position which generates reven ue. Thus CSR is integral towards positive image building and high revenue generation (Naud, 2013). The management theory of contingency states that companies have to take appropriate decisions to deal with contingent situation to minimise the loss. The companies today face continuous challenge from the external environment which requires them to take contingent measures. The United States Environmental Protection Agency fined $ 18 billion to Volkswagen in the United States for violating pollution norms (timesofindia.indiatimes.com, 2017). It is evident that such a huge amount of fines affects the finance of the company. This calls for taking of contingent measure to diversify the loss over the huge international market in which the company operates. A look at the CSR of the company shows that it is involved in several social development projects like partnership in education and donation to American Red Cross (volkswagenag.com, 2017). These CSR initiatives help the company to create positive image among the buyers. It allows the company to sell its automobile products and services to its customers all over the world. The global business allows Volkswagen to generate huge revenue to diversify its losses. Thus, CSR and strong market image is integral to taking contingency steps to diversify business losses. The scientific management theory of Taylor stresses on scientific management of resources to lead to efficient production. The theory emphasis on management of resources and personel towards efficient operation. It is a well known that the companies have to spend a lot of money to manage their wastes and biproducts. An enormous amount of waste and scrap indicate the inability of the company to utilise its full material resources and the amount of money spent to acquire it. The pollution from the waste and the fines borne thereby has bearing on the funds of the company. The factories are often subjected to protests from the local people and even government due to the pollution they create. All these activities disrupts the smooth production, causes business loss and erodes the reputation of the company. The companies like Pepsi, Renault and Unilever are often subject to these problems which render fatal blow to their goodwill. The companies can bring about innovation and manage their operations more scientifically to reduce their wastes. They management can use the saved amount towards other important operations like production and increasing the employee salary. This results in reduction of pollution and benefits the society, especially the people living around the sites. The increase in salary motivate the employees to better their performance. The governments and other bodies award the companies which elevates the goodwill and the market value of the company besides promotion the innovative power. The company is able to gain concessions and permits from governments both in its home countries and abroad. All these factors help the company to manage its production, human resources, supply chain, material resources and all round operations in more scientific ways. The increase in responsible attitutude towards the environment promotes goodwill which attracts both investors and customers. The company is able to amass huge wealth which helps it in strengthening it s market position. Such a company enjoys the trust and support of the stakeholders like customers, shareholders, governments and financial institutes. Thus, CSR helps a company to gain high market position and goodwill. CSR has become integral to goodwill and image building. The multinational companies give a huge importance to CSR to promote their social identity. These companies actively collaborate with government in activities like vocational training and health checkups to advertise their concern for the society. They promote to the development of suppliers like farmers by buying raw materials from them in return of right prices. They through their activities promote development of the entire society which in turn consumes their products. This interaction between the society and the corporate bodies forms the basis of flow of wealth in the world. Thus CSR helps the companies to build strong image and market position which allows them to help the economic development by maximising wealth. A quick reading of the composition shows that CSR is integral to high market position and goodwill creation. The term in smaller sense may look like mere corporate involvement in charity. A closer look and deeper shows that the concept embraces several other theories like management theories and stakeholder theory. CSR along with sustainability can help the companies to contribute towards development of the whole society and maximise its capital. It is this CSR which helps companies to operate on global scale, generate huge revenue and enjoy high market position. References: Ali, W., Frynas, J. G., Mahmood, Z. (2017). Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Disclosure in Developed and Developing Countries: A Literature Review.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management. Bridoux, F., Stoelhorst, J. W. (2014). Microfoundations for stakeholder theory: Managing stakeholders with heterogeneous motives.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), 107-125. Dhingra, N., Sarin, A., Gill, B. S. (2015). Dynamics Of Corporate Social Responsibility In India: An Analysis In The Backdrop Of The New Companies Act.International Journal of Research in Management Social Science,3(1), 15. Govindan, K., Seuring, S., Zhu, Q., Azevedo, S. G. (2016). Accelerating the transition towards sustainability dynamics into supply chain relationship management and governance structures.Journal of Cleaner Production,112, 1813-1823. Jenkins, W. (2017). Sustainability Theory (1st ed.). Yale Divinity School. Retrieved from https://www.berkshirepublishing.com/assets_news/sustainability/Spirit_SustainabilityTheory.pdf Management Approach | Volkswagen Sustainability Report 2014. (2017). Sustainabilityreport2014.volkswagenag.com. Retrieved 11 May 2017, from https://sustainabilityreport2014.volkswagenag.com/people/management-approach#/country/67/87 Naud, W. (2013). Entrepreneurship and economic development: Theory, evidence and policy.Browser Download This Paper. Nestl Nine-month Sales. (2017). https://www.nestleusa.com. Retrieved 11 May 2017, from https://www.nestleusa.com/media/pressreleases/nestl%C3%A9-nine-month-sales Salib, J., Sun, D., Wu, J., Wen, X., Huang, C. C. (2015). Corporate Social Responsibility. Samsung Electronics in India | Samsung Electronics | About Samsung. (2017). Samsung in. Retrieved 11 May 2017, from https://www.samsung.com/in/aboutsamsung/samsungelectronics/india/csr-policy/ Volkswagen faces $18 billion in fines for pollution in US - Times of India. (2017). The Times of India. Retrieved 11 May 2017, from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/Volkswagen-faces-18-billion-in-fines-for-pollution-in-US/articleshow/49026339.cms

The Ecological Self Essay Research Paper Diversity free essay sample

The Ecological Self Essay, Research Paper Diversity is a whirlwind of colour through a society. There are no two people in the universe that are precisely likewise. Individuality distinguishes one individual or thing from others ( Landau, 364 Ed ) . A individual? s environment as a whole: an interaction with others, experiences, and clip, makes a montage of traits that distinguishes person as an person. David Sibley? s theory of the? Ecological Self? or Identity is bound by his deterrences of societal, cultural, and spacial context. Sibley believes that category, race, gender, and state forms our individuality, it is a individual construct that is molded by our experiences from the universe. I do non hold with this claim because people are persons, non a development of their milieus. Identity is non a individual construct, there are many factors that form it, environment can non merely consequence individuality. Sibley is a British sociologist that has dedicated his life to the surveies behind the? Ecological Self. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ecological Self Essay Research Paper Diversity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ? Sibley claims that the? Ecological Self? is non internal, it can non be separated from the physical. ? The societal placement of the ego means that the boundary between ego and other is formed through a series of cultural representations of people and things which often elide so that the non-human universe besides provides a context for selfhood ( Sibley, 250 ) . ? The? other, ? that is being spoken of, is besides known as the? Generalized Other. ? This is when we can non divide from the physical and see it to be the norm. How do I cognize who I am? Where do I suit in? Internal and external forces mold our sense of ego. Heredity and personal lesson are illustrations of internal forces. Children are frequently most effected by this. ? The forces of physical heritage takes topographic point chiefly in childhood, though even as grownups we have the possibility of covering in our personal development ( Grunewald, 2 ) . ? Environment besides plays an of import function in the formation of self-identity. The milieus, which can include people, topographic points, and experiences, mold an person into whom they become. The past forms our individualities, and physiques from our experiences. ? It is our memories which help us do the connexions, gives us the penetrations, and provides us with the sense of continuity, which is so of import for our individual Al individuality ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ozcountry.com/life/tip5.html ) . ? ? When we go through times of crisis, monolithic alterations, serious unwellness, deep struggles or emphasis, our sense of ego can be earnestly challenged, peculiarly if we have non faced such experiences before. Rather than presuming that personal individuality is lasting, inactive and secure we might see it better as our personalities are dynamic, germinating, fluid and altering. This will enable us to turn with life? s alterations as we develop new accomplishments, penetration, attitudes, beliefs and values. We are neer the same individual ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ozcountry.com/life/tip5.html ) . ? Identity is a womb-to-tomb, continual procedure of designation with contexts. The concluding point made by Sibley was to what extent do persons change their individuality to conform to societal functions. To most, suiting in and being liked is a really of import portion of life. The manner that others look at us is a portion of our societal standing. Everyone conforms in some manner to merely? fit in. ? College is an first-class illustration of the manner that people conform. This is at a clip that many begin to venture out and do determinations on their ain. Many college pupils face the pick of whether or non they would fall in a fraternity or sorority. On college campuses being portion of the in-crowd means that you are in a societal organisation. Students alter their individualities and conform so that they are able to suit in and consort themselves with others. Individuality and Identity have many factors involved. There can non be merely one cause that influences a individual so greatly. I would wish to see myself as a aggregation of interactions and experiences. The milieus that I have encountered have had an impact on my life, but it is non the individual determinate that makes the individual that I am today. David Sibley? s? Ecological Self? and the other related subjects discussed, have some cogency of specifying the construct of self-identity. Social and Cultural outlooks are non the lone dominant forces that form Bibliography grunewald, peter.genetic technology and medicine.1997. 1 January 2000 www.anth.org/ifgene/grun2 landua, Sidney, erectile dysfunction. the doubleday dictionary. doubleday A ; carbon monoxide, inc. new York: bogus, 1975 life tips centre. how do i cognize who i am? ozcountry.com

How to Solve Algebra Problems Step-By-Step

How to Solve Algebra Problems Step-By-Step Solving Algebra word problems is useful in helping you to solve earthly problems.  Ã‚  While the 5 steps of Algebra problem solving are listed below, this article will focus on the first step, Identify the problem. Use the Following Steps to Solve Word Problems: Identify the problem.Identify what you know.Make a plan.Carryout the plan.Verify that the answer makes sense. Identify the Problem Back away from the calculator; use your brain first.  Your mind analyzes, plans, and guides  in the labyrinthine quest for the solution. Think of the calculator  as merely a tool that makes the journey easier.  After all, you wouldn’t want a surgeon to crack your ribs and perform a heart transplant without first identifying the source of your chest pains. The steps of identifying the problem are: Express the problem question or statement.Identify the unit of the final answer. Step 1:  Express the Problem Question or Statement In Algebra word problems, the problem is expressed as either a question or a statement. Question: How many trees will John have to plant?How many televisions will Sara have to sell to earn $50,000? Statement: Find the number of trees John will have to plant.Solve for the number of televisions Sara will have to sell to earn $50,000. Step 2: Identify the Unit of the Final Answer What will the answer look like? Now that you understand the word problem’s purpose, determine the answer’s unit. For example, will the answer be in miles, feet, ounces, pesos, dollars, the number of trees, or a number of televisions? Example 1: Algebra Word Problem Javier is making brownies to serve at the family picnic.  If the recipe calls for 2  ½ cups of cocoa to serve 4 people, how many cups will he need if 60 people attend the picnic? Identify the problem:  How many cups will Javier need if 60 people attend the picnic?Identify the unit of the final answer: Cups Example 2: Algebra Word Problem In the market for computer batteries, the intersection of the supply and demand functions determines the price, p dollars, and the quantity, q, of goods sold.Supply function: 80q - p 0Demand function:  4q p 300Determine the price and quantity of computer batteries sold when these functions intersect. Identify the problem:  How much will the batteries cost and how much will be sold when supply and demand functions meet? Identify the unit of the final answer: The quantity, or q, will be given in batteries. The price, or p, will be given in dollars. Here are some free algebra worksheets for practice.

Business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business plan - Essay Example It aims at providing management education which is at par with international standards. Over the last couple of demands for business management schools has gained a lot of momentum. GSBM will begin its operations locally in UK and will later on expand to Australian and Indian markets. The school will host its first local branch in London as this will be a London based business school. Thus, the first batch of its students will come from UK. The MBA market within UK is very competitive and is only expected to grown in the next couple of years. Macro-economic conditions within UK are extremely supportive and conducive to the growth of a new business school. Government policies and factors also favor the growth of MBA markets. Brief overview of the School and Program Design: Management skills are very critical for personal and professional development of people. They enhance the life style of people and improves their living standards. People who have managerial skills come across as ch arismatic; they are well managed and are able to attain their goals rather quickly. Thus management education helps students in providing them a strong platform for their career growth and success. The business requirements of the modern world want people who are sound on their management skills as it is important for organizational growth. The program design of GSBM will be built to develop management skills and core competencies of its students. The focus will be to produce students who can adapt themselves to the changing paradigm of the world and use their skills efficiency. The main objective of GSBM would be to provide management skills to its future leaders in the business world. The school will be based in London and will have operations spaced out in divisional units and campus. The school will expand from London to Australia and India. The school will aspire to offer quality educations to its student in management. The student will be given the opportunity to pick either o ne of the following as their majors: Finance Marketing Human Resource Management Each major choice will have its own set of electives and each student will be allowed to opt for his choice of electives. Other than the electives there will be some core management and social science related subjects which will be mandatory for every enrolled student to undertake. The primary aim of the program offered at GSBM is to equip students with the technical knowledge related to business strategy and environment ; to ensure they are well versed and aware of business activities and to equip them with sound management related knowledge. Generic Strategy: The primary objective of the school is to provide quality education to it’s students. It will not be opened with a profit-making perspective. It’s main aim is to produce well equipped management students who are able to stand out in the job market in the corporate world. For this purpose, a generic strategy will be followed. Michael Porter was of the view that a business should make a choice between two fundamental decisions when deciding it’s competitive advantage. The choice should be either to: 1. Compete on the basis of price OR 2. To compete on the basis of a differentiating point in the business. These two choices were further explained in the form of four generic competitive strategies which he argued were the main range of choices available for a successful business. They are: 1. Cost

Homelessness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Homelessness - Essay Example They also claim that there is ‘tertiary homelessness’, which refers to people living in boarding housing on a long term basis without security of tenure or exclusive use of bathroom or kitchen facilities. Smith (2005) also claims that many homeless people are ‘hidden’ from official government statistics, e.g. people sleeping on the couch in friends houses. However, Heintjes (2005) argues that defining ‘hidden homelessness’ as a form of homelessness stretches the concept to such an extent that it loses its distinct value, and he questions whether defining it in this way is a useful concept at all. Carlen (1996) states that changes in the law, economic conditions, and social and political ideology contribute to homelessness. Carlen (1996) also claims that homelessness and the homeless are 20th Century productions, in which governments attempt to categorize it in order to try and tackle the problem. From this point of view, Marxist geographers incl uding Harvey (2005) argue that homelessness can in some parts be contributed to the inequality that exists in capitalist societies, in which there will always be ‘winners’, i.e. the bourgeoisie, and losers, i.e. proletariat. This often leads in low wages and unemployment for the poorest members of society, i.e. the wheels are capitalism lead to poverty, and consequently homelessness. It is therefore the belief of Marxist geographers that as long as capitalism exists, so to will poverty, unemployment and homelessness. The Homeless Link Report (2011), a partner agency which worked with the UK Government’s ‘No One Left Out’ rough sleeping strategy aimed to investigate how many people slept rough on a single night in England. They instructed councils to submit estimates of the number of people sleeping rough on the streets of their area and found an increase by 42% from 1,247 in 2009 to 1,768 in 2010. London had the highest number of rough sleepers on an y average night with about 415. The report also found that a range of demographic factors have a significant effect on the probability someone will become homeless. It is the purpose of the remainder of this essay to explore and identify the socio-demographical factors that increase the likelihood of a person becoming homeless, and whether adequate policies can prevent increased and future homelessness. Quilgars and Anderson (1997) claim that young people are more likely to experience homelessness than any other age group and they found that young people aged 16-24 are considerably over-represented in homeless figures, accounting for 30% of homeless people. A range of social and economic structural factors are believed to have contributed to the rise in youth homelessness including changes to housing policy, the labour market and the benefit system. Evans (1996) also argues that young people may have little support and are unprepared for leaving home and are therefore at the greates t risk of becoming homeless. Increasing youth unemployment, combined with reduced access and supply of social housing have also significantly increased youth homelessness. Carlen (1996) also believes there is a link between youth homelessness and local authority care, in which she found 40% of young homeless people have at one time in their life been in care. This also suggests that homelessness could be the effect of a rough upbringing, with little family support or relations. Therefore when young people leave care at the age of 18, they have no

Apple Store Building for the Photoshop Project Essay

Apple Store Building for the Photoshop Project - Essay Example For my Photoshop project, I decided to explain or even define what Apple is today. I think that for the past couple of years, they have significantly evolved into something much more interesting than their circumstance a decade ago when Apple is merely all about the "mac". For this purpose, I used three photographs: a photo of the Apple Store in New York; a photo of Steve Jobs; and, a photo of myself. I have edited these three materials in order to be integrated into one seamless poster of an important artifact of the twenty-first century.As previously mentioned, Apple has undergone a significant transformation, significantly changing its focus since the 1990s. For years, the organization has been steadfast and determined to uphold its core value as represented in the "mac" computer, including its own operating system. In this period, Apple has built a cult following, who were rapidly consuming each release of the "mac" hardware and the OSX platform. In the past years, however, Apple has diversified into several other products, particularly in mobile devices. Because of this, it has achieved a significant amount of mainstream success. It has perfected a unique formula for its products, which is composed of a tightly controlled ecosystem and extremely beautiful and user-friendly interfaces for its devices. I would like to capture this essence, first and foremost. In order to do this, I selected the Apple Store in New York. This particular image impressed me because it has several elements, which I think is representative of this aspect of the Apple brand. If one looks at the image, the Apple Store, resplendent in glass and steel is surrounded by buildings, dimmed by the night setting. Two of these building were prominently shown flanking the Apple glass box. On the left is a classically designed building, while on the right, stood a modernist concrete structure. For me, the tableaux can tell us two things if one follows the photographic principles especially tha t about semiotic codes. First is that Apple is not afraid to be different as demonstrated in the way the store was uniquely designed. It celebrated its uniqueness that is why it leads to innovation. Secondly, Apple is becoming more open to the idea of mass culture and it is starting to go mainstream. But, this is being done, on its own terms.

Faced By Single Parents

Faced By Single Parents Different aspects of Chinese culture are manipulated to contribute to the difficult situation of single parent families; whereby, traditional family values and family relationships are both an asset and liability to single parent families. In this case, the parental role identity need to be flexible rather than traditional gendered role identity need to be facilitate in the adjustment of divorced parents. For the welfare services to be empowering there are some critical aspects that need to be considered such as selective traditional Chinese values and cultures and the resolution of the ideological dilemma in welfare policy. Routine services are the services that help single families to overcome their difficulties with sufficient resources should be explored. Benefits should be provided in a way that it can able to help the families such as housing and education allowances for the low income families. Effectiveness of the provision on welfare benefits in helping the families to develop competence and independence should be evaluate in a crucial way in order that the families are able to gain further competence and independence through the temporary assistance of welfare. Family friendly work policy has to be supported. The policy reforms in work or family policy which recognizes the legitimacy of employees family involvement that will largely reduce the dual role dilemma of the single parents. The hidden structural problems that increase welfare dependence rate should be addressed in addition to the enhancement of individual skills and competence. For example, flexible time, childcare provision and; support and parental leave as part of the benefit to all families including single parent families are implemented in some European countries. Cairney, J., Boyle, M., Offord. D. R., Racine. Y. (2003). Stress, social support and depression in single and married mothers. Soc Psychiatry Epidemiol 38, 442-449. Stress and social supports are the important mediators of the relationship between single and married mothers. The effect of life events in depression was stronger for married mother compared to single mothers because they are less reactive to negative events due to the experience significant chronic stresses and strains. Single mothers have used to dealing with adversity and less affected by negative events compare to married mothers who are lack of experience of the adversity. Social support to have a relatively impact in terms of explaining the link between family structure and mental well-being. Among the three variables, social support was the only significant variable in the research that stated social stressors have an impact of accounting for the relationship between single parent status and depression compare to the previous research found financial problem to be the main factor in the relationship between single parent status and psychological well-being. Additional knowledge regarding single parenthood and depression are being gained in this research but the nature of the inter-relationship between family structure, stress, social support and depression remains unclear. However, not only an effect relationship exists between single parent status and depression but the changes in stress and social support over time may lead to changes in psychological well-being. The impact of moving into and out of single parenthood will help us in a better understanding of the consequences of taking up the single parent role and the factors that might occur in and out of this status. Gladow, N. W., Ray, M. P. (1986). The impact of informal support systems on the well being of low income single parents. Family Relations 35, 113-123. Different types of support affect different aspects of well being. Thus, informal support systems do have a positive impact on well being of low income single parents. For example, support from friends and relatives make a unique contribution to reduce the problems of single parents lives where low income single parents can rely on the both parties for support that can lead to reduce the problems they are going to face. Support from friends appears to have the greatest impact on reducing loneliness but then support from relatives is not related to loneliness. This might happen because friends provide more opportunity for free and open conversations that individual feels not so comfortable discussing it with relatives. Besides that, support systems outside the nuclear family can have a very positive effect on the well being of low income single parent families such as social workers, family therapists, counselors and other professionals who can assure single parents that it is both human and helpful to need and rely on supports outside the nuclear family. Furthermore, agency programs designed to provide specific needs such as food, housing and maintenance. It is a good way if the agency workers can refer the low income single parents in groups to provide social support and building supportive relationships among the single parents. Group counseling for single parents through mental health centers can be established if the single parents groups might not provide the type of support that are needed by the populations. Webber, R., Boromeo, D. (2005). The sole parent family: family and support networks. Australian Journal of Social Issues 40(2), 269-283. Ten participants, nine of them saw that support networks as having an essential role to play in their personal well-being and support the children in the initial stages. Support was accessed from different sources including friends, relatives, colleagues, government agencies and social welfare agencies and support can involves different things such as emotional support, practical support (baby sitting, financial, advice and household repairs). Friends and relatives contribute a large amount in emotional and practical supports. Thus, supports will change according when the needs changed. Supports was seek and attained among community and friendship networks. Various counseling such as individual counseling, family counseling or family therapy was perceived to be the most effect one that are recommended to assist the extended family in going through terms with sorrow and relationship issues. Nevertheless, family and community support are the important factors in healthy families but then most of the participants are not satisfied with the quality of family support when it was provided in a low or critical way. As the result, parents do not cause the separation to feel the contempt of the family members and people who experienced negatively from relatives and friend tend to set a distance to those who do not validate their new status as a single parent. Grossman, C. C., Hudson, D. B., Lefler, R. K., Fleck, M. O. (2005). Community leaders perceptions of single, low-income mothers needs and concerns for social support. Journal of Community Health Nursing 22(4), 241-257 Social support theory, a framework used to develop focus group inquiry questions. From the group discussion by the community leaders, the needs and concerns of single, low-income mothers are social support issue, personal barriers to success and system barriers. Social support issues such as single mother needs verbal and non-verbal contact with relatives, friends and health care professionals. Needs of informational supports for single mothers including parent responsibilities, infant care tasks and resources that are available can help single mother to increase their level of parenting. Tangible support for single mothers including housing, food, financial, child care and transportation are important. This are supported by House (1981) and Revenson et al. (1991) stated that when tangible support needs are greater than available resources, individuals will experience poor physical and emotional health outcomes. Last but not least, nursing care can identify and use standardized instruments to assess mothers needs and concerns besides on the nurses intuitive perception. Community health nurses are professional in providing single, low-income mothers with informational support, appraisal and emotional support.

The Dani 1962 :: essays research papers

Balien Valley, New Guinea   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Dani tribe lives in the Balien Valley of New Guinea. The Valley is very green and full of tropical life. The tribe is spread among a network of small villages. Each village consists of ten to thirty individuals of the same or closely related family. Villagers live in huts made of local grasses and sticks. The women farm while the men the weave and protect the tribe from enemy raids.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Dani are in constant warfare with a neighboring tribe. They believe that if someone dies from enemy hands then they have to be avenged. Wars are mostly fought to avenge deaths, to settle quarrels between the tribes, and just because some enjoyed fighting. Wars are fought with bow and arrows and spears with barbs, the barbs attach themselves in the enemy’s flesh, making it very painful to remove. Warfare is very structured and full of rules to which both sides comply. Battles do not begin until both sides have all their men present. No wars or raids take place at night.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ghosts control the people by fear. The ghosts come from discontent or neglected spirits of the dead. Ghosts dominate the night. They strike fear into all. During the night they hide along the paths and wait to eat whoever passes. The ghosts also eat the people’s food, the bananas in the forest and the crops in the gardens. Since the ghosts are so feared the people take preventative steps to make sure that their tribe’s spirits are always content. When a tribe member is killed, the tribe must avenge that death or they go through spiritual decline. The dead are bathed with pig fat or else their spirit would feel neglected. A Wyantonafe, Pig Treasure Ceremony, renews their spiritual self and strengthens the community’s spirits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the mourning the men go to their towers to watch for enemy advancements, during this time the men also weave. Women do not weave, most of the older women wouldn’t be able to because fingers are cut off after a death of a close family member. If the men see no sign of the enemy they set a fire telling the women that it’s safe to go to their farms. The men only do the farms hardest work. The women do work around the huts and in the farm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The children learn the their roles in the tribe by imitating those older than them.